INDEPENDENT MINDS. EXCELLENT TELEVISION.THE PREVIEW EDITION / SEPTEMBER 2026
SOURCE NOTEBOOK

TV Shows & Streaming Database — Deep Research Brief, Part 12: Genre and Audience Verticals

126 preserved extracts. Research planning document; requested work is not evidence that the work was completed.

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126 extracts
  1. NOTE 4460

    TV Shows & Streaming Database — Deep Research Brief, Part 12: Genre and Audience Verticals

    Research window: January 1, 2019 – September 15, 2026 (with emphasis on the last 24 months). State the research date on every vertical profile.

  2. NOTE 4461

    TV Shows & Streaming Database — Deep Research Brief, Part 12: Genre and Audience Verticals

    Conduct exhaustive research on the major genre and audience verticals in TV, from anime and K-dramas to reality, true crime, kids, soaps, and microdramas. The goal is to give the website a vertical-by-vertical plan for genre hubs: how big each audience is, where it watches, which data sources and communities already serve it, which metadata problems must be solved in the data model, which awards and events drive traffic, and which content and monetization opportunities are realistic.

  3. NOTE 4462

    1. How to research this part

    Treat every audience figure, platform claim, show title, and date as a lead to verify. Audience size signals are usually company-claimed or panel estimates; label them.

  4. NOTE 4463

    1. How to research this part

    Minimum record counts: 17 vertical profiles using the template in section 2; at least 40 platforms per vertical cluster across the part; at least 25 data sources and community sites for anime and Asian dramas combined; at least 10 metadata worked examples per vertical with quirks; at least 150 flagship title records across verticals; at least 60 award records.

  5. NOTE 4464

    1. How to research this part

    Prefer: platform press sites and investor materials, national measurement bodies (Nielsen, BARB, BARC India, Nielsen Korea, Video Research Japan, Kantar Ibope), trade publications (Variety, Deadline, Anime News Network, Soompi, Rest of World, Screen International), official awards sites, and community site documentation.

  6. NOTE 4465

    1. How to research this part

    Record audience signals with source, method, market, and date.

  7. NOTE 4466

    1. How to research this part

    Handle identity-based verticals (LGBTQ+, faith, Black audiences, Latino audiences) with respectful language, community-informed sources (GLAAD reports, for example), and no stereotyping.

  8. NOTE 4467

    1. How to research this part

    Do not recommend piracy or fansub sites, geo-block evasion, or scraping community sites against their terms.

  9. NOTE 4468

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Audience size signals (subscriber claims, Nielsen/Netflix engagement share, search demand, community site user counts).

  10. NOTE 4469

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Data sources and community sites; API and license status.

  11. NOTE 4470

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Metadata quirks and required schema extensions, with a worked example.

  12. NOTE 4471

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Fan communities (subreddits, Discord servers, forums) with rules on promotion.

  13. NOTE 4472

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Content opportunities (hubs, trackers, lists, explainers).

  14. NOTE 4473

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Monetization (affiliate programs, sponsors, ad suitability issues).

  15. NOTE 4474

    2. Vertical profile template (apply to every vertical)

    Risks (licensing, spoilers, harassment, cultural accuracy).

  16. NOTE 4475

    3. Anime

    Audience signals: Crunchyroll subscriber claims (verify latest; reported 15 million+ in 2024 (verify)), Netflix anime viewing share statements, Anime Expo attendance, AniList/MyAnimeList user counts.

  17. NOTE 4476

    3. Anime

    Platforms: Crunchyroll (Sony; free ad tier ended Dec 31, 2025; price increase Feb 2026 (verify)), Netflix, HIDIVE, Hulu/Disney+, Prime Video, ADN (France), Bilibili, Muse Asia and Ani-One YouTube channels (Southeast Asia), U-Next, ABEMA, DMM TV, dAnime Store (Japan).

  18. NOTE 4477

    3. Anime

    Data sources: AniList (GraphQL API), MyAnimeList (official API and Jikan unofficial), AniDB (UDP/HTTP API, strict rate limits), Kitsu, Anime News Network encyclopedia, Shoboi Calendar (Syobocal) for Japanese broadcast times, Annict, Wikidata, TVDB anime mappings, anime-offline-database and Anime-Lists mapping projects (verify license).

  19. NOTE 4478

    3. Anime

    Cours (roughly 12–13 episodes per quarter) vs. Western seasons; split-cour shows.

  20. NOTE 4479

    3. Anime

    Absolute numbering (for example, One Piece past 1,100 episodes (verify)) vs. TVDB season arcs.

  21. NOTE 4480

    3. Anime

    AniDB and MAL treat each season as a separate entry; TMDB/TVDB often merge.

  22. NOTE 4481

    3. Anime

    Worked example: Attack on Titan: The Final Season Parts 1, 2, 3 (split into specials) and how MAL, AniList, TMDB, and TVDB differ (verify).

  23. NOTE 4482

    3. Anime

    Romaji, English, and native titles; simulcast vs. dub release dates; OVAs, ONAs, recaps, movies that are canon.

  24. NOTE 4483

    3. Anime

    Seasonal calendars (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall) and Japan time zone broadcast times.

  25. NOTE 4484

    3. Anime

    Awards: Crunchyroll Anime Awards, Tokyo Anime Award Festival, Japan Media Arts (verify status), Annie Awards (TV/media), Anime Grand Prix.

  26. NOTE 4485

    3. Anime

    Communities: r/anime (episode discussion bot threads), r/Crunchyroll, AniList forums, MAL forums.

  27. NOTE 4486

    3. Anime

    Opportunities: seasonal chart with where to watch by country, dub tracker, cross-ID tracker import from MAL/AniList, "watch order" guides (Monogatari, Fate).

  28. NOTE 4487

    3. Anime

    Monetization: Crunchyroll affiliate (verify), manga and Blu-ray affiliate, merch.

  29. NOTE 4488

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Audience signals: Netflix statements on Korean content viewing share (verify), Viki user claims, MyDramaList user counts, Google Trends globally.

  30. NOTE 4489

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Platforms: Netflix, Viki (Rakuten), Kocowa+ (verify rebrand), Disney+ (Korean originals), Prime Video, TVING, Wavve (TVING–Wavve merger status (verify)), Coupang Play, iQIYI, WeTV, Viu, Youku, Tencent Video, Hulu Japan, U-Next.

  31. NOTE 4490

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Data sources: MyDramaList (check API and terms), Korean network sites (KBS, MBC, SBS, tvN, JTBC, ENA), Nielsen Korea ratings, Good Data Corporation FUNdex buzz rankings (verify), Douban (Chinese), Wikipedia Korean.

  32. NOTE 4491

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    K-drama episode counts: typically 12, 16, or 20; episodes split into parts for ad regulation (for example, "Part 1/Part 2" of one episode on broadcast) (verify current practice).

  33. NOTE 4492

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Weekend or Wed–Thu broadcast pairs with simultaneous international streaming.

  34. NOTE 4493

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Chinese dramas with 30–60+ episodes and different international cuts.

  35. NOTE 4494

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Japanese dramas (jdoramas) with ~10-episode seasonal runs.

  36. NOTE 4495

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Thai BL series and Taiwanese dramas with YouTube-first distribution.

  37. NOTE 4496

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Worked example: Queen of Tears (tvN/Netflix, 2024) episode count, ratings, and runtime by platform (verify).

  38. NOTE 4497

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Awards: Baeksang Arts Awards, KBS/MBC/SBS year-end Drama Awards, Asia Contents Awards, Seoul International Drama Awards, China's Magnolia (Shanghai TV Festival) Awards, Golden Bell (Taiwan).

  39. NOTE 4498

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Communities: r/KDRAMA, MyDramaList, Soompi forums, Viki discussions.

  40. NOTE 4499

    4. K-dramas and Asian dramas

    Opportunities: broadcast-day calendar in viewer time zones, Nielsen Korea rating charts (attributed), "where to watch with subtitles in your country."

  41. NOTE 4500

    5. British and Commonwealth TV

    Platforms: BBC iPlayer, ITVX, Channel 4, 5, Sky/NOW, BritBox (U.S./Canada; BritBox International changes (verify)), Acorn TV, PBS Masterpiece, AMC+, Crave, CBC Gem, Stan, ABC iview, SBS On Demand, TVNZ+.

  42. NOTE 4501

    5. British and Commonwealth TV

    Data sources: BARB, BBC Programme Index and /programmes, Radio Times, BFI, British Comedy Guide, Australian OzTAM/VOZ.

  43. NOTE 4502

    5. British and Commonwealth TV

    Metadata quirks: "series" vs. "season"; short series of 6 episodes; Christmas specials; U.S. edits with different runtimes and episode splits (for example, Downton Abbey U.S. vs. UK episode counts (verify)); co-productions and different premiere dates; regional ITV variations.

  44. NOTE 4503

    5. British and Commonwealth TV

    Awards: BAFTA TV and BAFTA Craft, Royal Television Society, National Television Awards, TV Choice, AACTA (Australia), Canadian Screen Awards, Logie history.

  45. NOTE 4504

    5. British and Commonwealth TV

    Opportunities: "when will it reach U.S. streaming" tracker, UK-to-U.S. lag data, cosy crime and period drama hubs.

  46. NOTE 4505

    6. Spanish-language TV and telenovelas

    Platforms: ViX (TelevisaUnivision), Netflix Latin America and Spain, Prime Video, Max/HBO Max Latin America, Peacock Spanish-language (Telemundo), Globoplay (Portuguese), Movistar Plus+, Atresplayer, RTVE Play, Claro video, Pantaya (shutdown (verify)).

  47. NOTE 4506

    6. Spanish-language TV and telenovelas

    Metadata quirks: telenovelas of 60–200 episodes; different episode counts for international edits; Telemundo "super series"; remakes across countries (Yo soy Betty, la fea and Ugly Betty adaptations); Brazilian novela lengths.

  48. NOTE 4507

    6. Spanish-language TV and telenovelas

    Audience signals: Nielsen Hispanic viewing, Telemundo and Univision ratings, Netflix non-English Top 10.

  49. NOTE 4508

    6. Spanish-language TV and telenovelas

    Awards: Premios Platino, Premios Ondas, Premios Feroz, Premios TVyNovelas (verify status), International Emmy for Telenovela.

  50. NOTE 4509

    6. Spanish-language TV and telenovelas

    Opportunities: Spanish-language UI and hubs, U.S. Hispanic streaming guide, novela episode trackers.

  51. NOTE 4510

    7. Indian series

    Platforms: JioHotstar (JioStar merger of Viacom18 and Disney Star (verify dates)), Netflix India, Prime Video India (and Amazon MX Player (verify)), SonyLIV, ZEE5, Aha, Sun NXT, ALTT, MX Player.

  52. NOTE 4511

    7. Indian series

    Data sources: BARC India, Ormax Media streaming reports, CBFC context (web series self-regulation under IT Rules 2021 (verify)).

  53. NOTE 4512

    7. Indian series

    Metadata quirks: multilingual releases (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi) with separate titles; daily soaps with thousands of episodes (for example, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (verify count)); dubbed versions released as separate titles.

  54. NOTE 4513

    7. Indian series

    Awards: Filmfare OTT Awards, Indian Television Academy Awards, Indian Telly Awards (verify status).

  55. NOTE 4514

    7. Indian series

    Opportunities: language filters, OTT release calendar by language, Ormax chart coverage (attributed).

  56. NOTE 4515

    8. Turkish dizi

    Audience signals: export reach claims (Turkey often described as a top drama exporter (verify)); YouTube official channel views; Latin American and MENA broadcast pickups.

  57. NOTE 4516

    8. Turkish dizi

    Platforms: Netflix, Disney+ (Turkish originals status (verify)), BluTV (rebranded HBO Max Turkey (verify)), Exxen, Gain, TOD, Shahid, Kanal D/Star TV/Show TV YouTube channels.

  58. NOTE 4517

    8. Turkish dizi

    Metadata quirks: Turkish broadcast episodes of 120–150 minutes re-cut into 45-minute international episodes, changing episode counts dramatically; worked example: Diriliş: Ertuğrul domestic vs. Netflix episode counts (verify).

  59. NOTE 4518

    8. Turkish dizi

    Awards: Altın Kelebek (Golden Butterfly), Seoul International Drama Awards and International Emmys for Turkish entries.

  60. NOTE 4519

    8. Turkish dizi

    Opportunities: episode-cut crosswalks, English/Spanish/Arabic hubs.

  61. NOTE 4520

    9. Nordic noir and European series

    Platforms: Viaplay (restructuring (verify)), SVT Play, NRK TV, DR TV, Yle Areena, ARD/ZDF Mediatheks, Arte.tv, France.tv, Canal+, RaiPlay, SkyShowtime, MHz Choice, Walter Presents (Channel 4), Topic.

  62. NOTE 4521

    9. Nordic noir and European series

    Metadata quirks: original vs. international titles (Bron/Broen / The Bridge), co-production credits across broadcasters, differing episode lengths.

  63. NOTE 4522

    9. Nordic noir and European series

    Awards: Series Mania, Canneseries, Prix Europa, Nordisk Film & TV Fond Prize (Göteborg), Deutscher Fernsehpreis, Grimme-Preis.

  64. NOTE 4523

    9. Nordic noir and European series

    Opportunities: subtitled-crime hub with where to watch in U.S./UK.

  65. NOTE 4524

    10. Reality and competition

    Audience signals: Nielsen share of streaming minutes for reality (Love Is Blind, Survivor, The Traitors, Bravo franchises (verify)).

  66. NOTE 4525

    10. Reality and competition

    Platforms: Peacock (Bravo), Hulu/Disney+ (The Kardashians, Love Island USA on Peacock (verify)), Netflix, Paramount+ (Big Brother), HBO Max (Discovery/TLC), Pluto TV and FAST channels.

  67. NOTE 4526

    10. Reality and competition

    Metadata quirks: franchise format trees (Love Island international versions; The Traitors by country; Real Housewives cities), contestants as people records (privacy and minors), live episodes and reunions, cast of non-professional participants with higher privacy expectations.

  68. NOTE 4527

    10. Reality and competition

    Awards: Emmy Outstanding Reality Competition and Structured/Unstructured Reality, Critics Choice Real TV Awards, People's Choice.

  69. NOTE 4528

    10. Reality and competition

    Opportunities: franchise maps, contestant trackers with privacy limits, "where to watch live" guides.

  70. NOTE 4529

    10. Reality and competition

    Risks: harassment of contestants, mental health concerns; moderate heavily (see Part 09).

  71. NOTE 4530

    11. True crime and docuseries

    Platforms: Netflix, HBO Max/Discovery (ID), Hulu, Peacock (Oxygen), Paramount+, Prime Video, Tubi FAST channels.

  72. NOTE 4531

    11. True crime and docuseries

    Metadata quirks: subject people who are private individuals or victims; ongoing legal cases; episode subtitles naming victims.

  73. NOTE 4532

    11. True crime and docuseries

    Ethics: victim family objections (for example, criticism of Dahmer – Monster by victims' relatives (verify)); do not publish unverified allegations; defamation review.

  74. NOTE 4533

    11. True crime and docuseries

    Awards: Emmy documentary categories, Critics Choice Documentary Awards, Peabody, IDA Documentary Awards.

  75. NOTE 4534

    11. True crime and docuseries

    Opportunities: "is it accurate" explainers sourced to court records; content warnings.

  76. NOTE 4535

    12. Kids and family

    Audience signals: Nielsen ARTEY 2025 (Bluey top streaming title (verify)); Common Sense Media usage data.

  77. NOTE 4536

    12. Kids and family

    Platforms: Disney+ and Disney Junior, Netflix Kids, Paramount+ (Nickelodeon), Peacock, PBS Kids, YouTube Kids, CBeebies/iPlayer, ABC Kids (Australia), Noggin (shutdown (verify)), Kidoodle.TV, HappyKids.

  78. NOTE 4537

    12. Kids and family

    Metadata quirks: 7- or 11-minute segments packaged as half-hour episodes (Bluey, SpongeBob) with different counts per platform; age bands; educational curriculum tags.

  79. NOTE 4538

    12. Kids and family

    Awards: Children's and Family Emmys (created 2022 (verify)), BAFTA Children's & Young People, Kidscreen Awards, Annie Awards.

  80. NOTE 4539

    12. Kids and family

    Opportunities: parents guide, age-based filters, screen-time-friendly lists. COPPA and children's code implications (Part 09): target parents, not children.

  81. NOTE 4540

    13. Animation for adults

    Titles to verify: The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Rick and Morty, Invincible, Arcane, BoJack Horseman, Harley Quinn, Hazbin Hotel, The Legend of Vox Machina.

  82. NOTE 4541

    13. Animation for adults

    Metadata quirks: production codes vs. air order, long-running syndication numbering, voice cast per episode.

  83. NOTE 4542

    13. Animation for adults

    Awards: Annie Awards, Emmy Animated Program, Annecy TV prizes.

  84. NOTE 4543

    13. Animation for adults

    Opportunities: voice actor database, episode ratings heatmaps for long-running comedies.

  85. NOTE 4544

    14. Late night and talk

    Context: The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ending in May 2026 (announced July 2025 (verify)); After Midnight cancellation (verify); format consolidation; YouTube clip viewership.

  86. NOTE 4545

    14. Late night and talk

    Metadata quirks: daily episodes with guest lists as credits; episode numbering by season-year; clips on YouTube as primary consumption.

  87. NOTE 4546

    14. Late night and talk

    Opportunities: guest databases ("when did X appear on Y"), where to watch next day.

  88. NOTE 4547

    15. Sci-fi and fantasy franchises

    Franchises: Star Trek, Star Wars, Marvel (including Marvel Television and animation), DC (DC Studios), Doctor Who (BBC–Disney+ partnership status (verify)), The Lord of the Rings, Game of Thrones universe, The Witcher, Dune: Prophecy, Fallout.

  89. NOTE 4548

    15. Sci-fi and fantasy franchises

    Metadata quirks: canon status, timeline vs. release order watch guides, crossovers, animated and live-action mixing.

  90. NOTE 4549

    15. Sci-fi and fantasy franchises

    Awards: Hugo Awards (Dramatic Presentation), Saturn Awards, Nebula (Ray Bradbury Award).

  91. NOTE 4550

    15. Sci-fi and fantasy franchises

    Opportunities: watch-order guides, universe graphs, where to watch every entry.

  92. NOTE 4551

    16. Soaps

    U.S. daytime: General Hospital, The Young and the Restless, The Bold and the Beautiful, Days of Our Lives (moved to Peacock 2022 (verify)), Beyond the Gates (CBS 2025 (verify)). UK: EastEnders, Coronation Street, Emmerdale; Australia: Home and Away, Neighbours (Amazon revival and later cancellation (verify)).

  93. NOTE 4552

    16. Soaps

    Metadata quirks: tens of thousands of episodes, no seasons, recasts (character played by multiple actors), preemptions.

  94. NOTE 4553

    16. Soaps

    Awards: Daytime Emmys, British Soap Awards (verify status), Inside Soap Awards.

  95. NOTE 4554

    16. Soaps

    Opportunities: character-recast histories, daily spoiler-safe schedules.

  96. NOTE 4555

    17. Microdramas

    Apps: ReelShort (Crazy Maple Studio / COL Group (verify)), DramaBox, ShortMax, GoodShort, FlexTV, DramaWave, MoboReels (verify each).

  97. NOTE 4556

    17. Microdramas

    Signals: app store revenue estimates (Sensor Tower, Appfigures), download claims; China's short-drama market size claims (verify).

  98. NOTE 4557

    17. Microdramas

    Metadata quirks: 60–100+ vertical episodes of 1–3 minutes; coin-unlock pricing; duplicate titles and localized remakes; frequent retitling.

  99. NOTE 4558

    17. Microdramas

    Opportunities: episode count and price-to-finish calculator, "is it worth it" reviews, genre tags. Risks: aggressive in-app pricing; disclose affiliate links.

  100. NOTE 4559

    18. Faith and family services

    Platforms: Great American Pure Flix, Angel Studios (Angel Guild), Hallmark+, UP Faith & Family, Minno (kids), Crossflix, BYUtv, The Chosen distribution history (verify current partners).

  101. NOTE 4560

    18. Faith and family services

    Metadata: content advisories focused on language and themes; values-based filters described neutrally.

  102. NOTE 4561

    18. Faith and family services

    Awards: Movieguide Awards, Dove Foundation seals (verify).

  103. NOTE 4562

    18. Faith and family services

    Opportunities: family-safe hubs without partisan framing.

  104. NOTE 4563

    19. LGBTQ+ programming hubs

    Handle respectfully: consult GLAAD "Where We Are on TV" reports (verify latest edition), community critics, and creators; avoid outing or labeling real people; describe characters and storylines, not actors' identities unless publicly stated.

  105. NOTE 4564

    19. LGBTQ+ programming hubs

    Platforms and titles to verify: Heartstopper (Netflix; concluding film (verify)), Pose, Veneno, We Are Lady Parts, RuPaul's Drag Race franchise (VH1/Paramount+/WOW Presents Plus), Revry, Dekkoo.

  106. NOTE 4565

    19. LGBTQ+ programming hubs

    Metadata: representation tags with editorial standards; cancellation tracking for queer-led shows.

  107. NOTE 4566

    19. LGBTQ+ programming hubs

    Awards: GLAAD Media Awards, Dorian TV Awards (GALECA).

  108. NOTE 4567

    19. LGBTQ+ programming hubs

    Risks: review bombing and harassment; moderation priority (Part 09).

  109. NOTE 4568

    20. Timeline 2019 – 2026

    Log per vertical: Squid Game (2021) and K-content surge; Crunchyroll–Funimation merger (2022) and free tier end (2025); Viacom18–Disney Star merger and JioHotstar launch (2024–2025); Dahmer controversy (2022); Bluey ARTEY results; Children's and Family Emmys creation; Colbert's Late Show ending (2026); microdrama app growth (2023–2026); TVING–Wavve merger steps; Neighbours revival and end; Days of Our Lives move to Peacock; GLAAD report editions; Netflix non-English Top 10 milestones.

  110. NOTE 4569

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    17 vertical profiles using the section 2 template.

  111. NOTE 4570

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Platform-by-vertical matrix (at least 120 platform-vertical pairs).

  112. NOTE 4571

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Data source and community site database (60+ records with API and license status).

  113. NOTE 4572

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Metadata quirks catalog with 170+ worked examples and required schema extensions (cours, absolute numbering, split episodes, international cuts, recasts, franchise formats).

  114. NOTE 4573

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Flagship title database (150+).

  115. NOTE 4574

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Awards database for verticals (60+ awards).

  116. NOTE 4575

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Genre hub page templates and content plans per vertical.

  117. NOTE 4576

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Monetization map per vertical.

  118. NOTE 4577

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Respectful-language and representation-tagging guide.

  119. NOTE 4578

    21. Deliverables for Part 12

    Glossary of 100+ vertical-specific terms (cour, OVA, dizi, novela, jdorama, BL, simulcast); source list of 150+ sources.

  120. NOTE 4579

    Research standards

    State research date and source access dates per vertical profile.

  121. NOTE 4580

    Research standards

    Label audience numbers as company-claimed, panel-measured, or estimated, with method and market.

  122. NOTE 4581

    Research standards

    Use native-language official sources for non-English markets and record transliteration choices.

  123. NOTE 4582

    Research standards

    Verify episode counts against the original broadcaster and each major platform separately.

  124. NOTE 4583

    Research standards

    Consult community-informed sources for identity-based verticals and avoid stereotypes.

  125. NOTE 4584

    Research standards

    Never link to fansubs, piracy, or geo-evasion; recommend only official platforms.

  126. NOTE 4585

    Research standards

    Flag platform status changes (shutdowns, mergers, rebrands) with dates.